The theme of Dreams in A Raisin in the Sun - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1512 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Raisin in the Sun Essay Did you like this example? The play, A Raisin In The Sun is staged in 1959 during a time when African-Americans could not be successful in the economy due to the extreme amounts of racism that were present. The constant encounters of prejudices and racism causes them to have to put aside their hopes and dreams to focus on trying to figure out how to overcome the obstacles that are set out in front of them. During these times, the Great Depression had begun. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The theme of Dreams in A Raisin in the Sun" essay for you Create order The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already unpromising economic situation of African Americans. They were laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times more than whites. In early public assistance programs African Americans often received substantially less aid than whites, and some charitable organizations even excluded blacks from their soup kitchens. The Civil Rights movement was also coming about. While we dont see a single raisin in the play, we do see a lot of deferred dreamsthe dreams represent the raisin. At the end, one dream is fulfilled. African-Americans believe in the American dream but do not realize how limited their success is when you are a person of color. Hansberry portrays this by showing the different struggles the Younger family goes through during the times they are in. The entire Younger family has different ideas of what the familys money should be used for. Mama has dreams of moving her family out of their current house and into a house with a yard where children can play and she can tend to her own garden. Ruths dream is very similar to Mamas. She wants to build a happy family and believes another step toward this goal is to buy a bigger and better place to live for the family. Beneathas dream is to become a doctor. She also intends to save her race from ignorance. Beneatha lived in a time when society expected women to focus on building homes rather than their own careers. Walter dreams of becoming a wealthy father and providing for his family like the rich people he drives around do for their families. He frames this dream in terms of his family†he dreams of giving the family what he has never had. He feels like a slave to his familys economic hardship. The protagonist of, A Raisin in the Sun is Walter Lee. His gift is ambition. Walter has the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through determination,initiative, and hard work. Walter Lees, along with several other African-Americans during this time, success was limited. Success to Walter, was measured by how much money a man had in his pocket and what he could do for his family. Others, like Beneatha and Mama, see success as how comfortable you are with your lifestyle. As the date of the check coming approaches, Walter becomes more and more anxious to figure out how the family can use the insurance money to make more money. Walter wants to use the money to invest in a liquor store. The American Dream was often deferred during the time that the Youngers live in. Their prolonged dreams, countless obstacles they faced everyday. All of the familys dreams were deferred. Mamas dream has been delayed since she and her husband moved into the apartment that the Youngers still stay in now. Every day, her dream provides her with an incentive to make money. But no matter how much she and her husband strived, they could not get enough money to make their dream a reality. The resulting insurance money and his death present Mamas first opportunity to realize her dream. Ruths dream is also deferred by a lack of money, which forces her and Walter to live in a crowded apartment where their son must sleep on a sofa. Beneathas dream is deferred because of the money Walter loses. Her dream is also a dream for all women. Walters dream has been deferred by his poverty and inability to find decent employment. He attributes his lack of job prospects to racism, a claim that may be part ially true but is also a crutch. Over the course of the play, his understanding of his dream of gaining material wealth evolves, and by plays end, it is no longer his top priority. Over the course of the play, Walters ambition starts to basically take him over. His money-hungry attitude causes him to spend the money in foolish and crazy ways, instead of doing what Mama intended him to do with the money. She gives him the remaining $6,500 of the insurance money and tells Walter to deposit $3,000 for Beneathas education and to keep the last $3,500. With this money, Mama says, Walter should become, and should act like he has become, the head of the family. Walter suddenly becomes more energized and confident. He talks to Travis about his plans, and he then says that he is going to make a transaction that will make the family more wealthy. Walters excitement builds while he talks about his dream of their future house and cars, as well as Traviss college education. Walters foolish spending of the money teaches one thing and that is that you should follow your dream and take the risk that comes along with it. If you believe in something and know theres a potential risk that comes along with it, you should still follow through with it because the outcome could very well be in your favor. It is easy for someone to give up on something they dream about and face the harsh realities that are set out in front of them, but it takes courage and confidence for someone to overlook those harsh realities and focus on making their dream come true. Walters aspirations push him to strive and achieve his goals. Beneathas dreams are the hardest to achieve. During these times, women were not expected to want to be doctors, lawyers, dentists,etc. They were expected to stay home and raise families while the men went out to get jobs. This was even the case for white families. White women were expected to stay home while the men went out to do labor and make the familys money. Beneatha was proving people wrong and following her original dreams. If Beneatha had settled for staying at home and raising a family, she would be following the societal norm that had been set. Beneatha is different and set apart from the other members of the Younger family because she is far better educated and has wider horizons. Walter thinks she should let her dreams of becoming a doctor go. He thinks she should stay home and raise a family. He wants Beneatha to be a housewife. When Walter and Ruth were in the kitchen, Walter began to rant on about how he was tired of his living conditions and wanted something better. Ruth told him to eat his eggs. Walter went on to say, Damn these eggs!! The quote represents all of the tension tied into their relationship. There is no tenderness. Walter also has his head in the clouds so Ruth tries to keep him within reality. Walter also jumps from dream to dream like Beneatha. He is also confused about what he wants to do in his life. Mama compares her children to the plant in the window. The only way for the plant to see is through the one window of the house. The children are the plant and the check is the window for them. Her children have grown. She has always wanted a prosperous garden and prosperous children. Mama wants nothing more for her children but for them to have great lives and be successful in their future. She wants them to prosper in everything they do. This goes back to the American Dream. They do not have equal rights like the whites in the world. Whites in this time have little to no obstacles stopping them from being what they want to be or going where they want to go. A Raisin in the Sun is mostly about dreams, the main characters struggle to deal with the oppressive circumstances that rule their lives. The title of the play references a conjecture that Langston Hughes famously posed in a poem he wrote about dreams that were forgotten. He wonders if these dreams in the play shrivel up like a raisin in the sun. Every member of the Younger family has an individual and separate dreams †Beneatha wants to become a doctor, and Walter wants to earn more money so that he can afford certain things for his family. The Younger family continues to struggle to attain these dreams throughout the entirety of the play, and much of the familys happiness and depression is directly related to their attainment of, or failure to attain, these dreams. At the end of the play, the family learns that the dream of a house is the most important dream because it keeps the family whole.

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson And The Sisterhood Of The...

In the stories â€Å"The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Sisterhood of the Night† by Steven Millhauser both talk about the consequences that someone or the entire village can go through by going against the rules and regulations of a tradition. Observing a tradition is a form of togetherness among every individual and it must be practiced in the right way. Tradition plays an important role in the lives of villagers and it also shines light on how customs and tradition should be practiced according to the way our ancestors have done it in the past. However, it is not one person or a group of people’s idea, it is a laid down rules and laws that can never be changed by anyone regardless of what the situation might hold on to. Most people tend to invent laws that some traditions do not allow, which can lead to conflict and disorderliness in such land. Just like the way at the village square. But not knowing that the majority of the villagers knew the story about the presentation box that is used in conducting the lottery and also have the knowledge of what traditions that was passed to them by their parents, ancestors or Gods of their land. Some people had the belief that tradition is based on â€Å"spiritual power† and magical power† to carry out any kind of tradition in the right way. The way the sisterhood believed in magical power and also took a vow of silence to protect their secret and those are the symbols and tradition of their group. In the story, the villagers gotShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Groupthink in â€Å"the Sisterhood of the Night† and â€Å"the Lottery†882 Words   |  4 PagesName: Instructor’s Name: Course Details: Date of Submission: The Theme of Groupthink in â€Å"The Sisterhood of the Night† and â€Å"The Lottery† In â€Å"The Sisterhood of the Night† by Steven Millhauser and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, groupthink is a central theme that authors used to explain their main idea. Groupthink is a phenomenon in psychology occurring to individuals where their desire for conformity within their group results in a deviant outcome. This means that the members

Accounting Information Systems Springer Science & Business Media

Question: Describe about the Accounting Information Systems for Springer Science Business Media. Answer: Introduction This study deals with understanding the concept on Accounting Information Systems. In this particular assignment, emphasis has been given on understanding role of Accounting Information Systems in a contemporary manufacturing organization (Rainer et al., 2013). Accounting Information Systems consist of people, data, software as well as procedures and Information Technology. Accounting Information System performs several functions in contemporary manufacturing organization. This involves collection as well as storage of data regarding activities and transactions for future analysis purpose. It also takes into consideration processing of data into information useful at decision-making process. Therefore, Accounting Information System renders adequate controls for safeguarding the organization assets in the most appropriate way. Study of Accounting Information System is important because it is defined as an information system (Ismail King, 2014). 1. Role of Accounting Information Systems in the value chain of a manufacturing organization The main goal of any manufacturing organization aims at providing value to its potential targeted customers. A manufacturing organization is profitable if value created by the organization is greater than the produced cost of its goods as well as services (Hall, 2012). Value Chain Model and the Supply Chain Figure: Value Chain Model used in Manufacturing Organization (Source: Fullerton, Kennedy Widener, 2013) Accounting Information Systems adds value in way of rendering accurate as well as timely information. This can be performed by using five primary value chain activities in an effective and efficient way. Therefore, this help in improving the quality as well as reducing the cost of products or services in a contemporary manufacturing organization (Demski, 2013). Role of Accounting Information in value chain of a manufacturing organization help in improving efficiency, improving decision-making capabilities as well as increasing sharing of knowledge. Well-designed Accounting Information Systems helps contemporary manufacturing organization profit by enhancing the efficiency as well as effectiveness of its supply chain (Davenport, 2013). 2. Accounting Information Systems assisting decision making in a contemporary manufacturing organization There are major three basic functions performed by Accounting Information Systems that enhances the decision-making process especially in a contemporary manufacturing organization (Collier, 2015). Accounting Information Systems conducts effective as well as efficient data processing regarding manufacturing organization transactions. This enables capturing of data based on source documents (Bajdor Grabara, 2014). In other words, it takes into consideration recording of transactions in journals as well as presented in a chronological record. Therefore, past data is recorded from journals to ledgers as well as sorted data based on account types. Accounting Information Systems provides management with information those is useful in decision-making process (Rainer et al., 2013). As far as manual systems is concerned, relevant information is mentioned in the form of reports and comes under two major categories namely Financial Statements as well as Managerial Reports for contemporary manufacturing organization Accounting Information Systems help in providing adequate internal controls. In other words, it ensures that the information produced is reliable in nature. It enhances the business activities in aligning with management objectives in a contemporary manufacturing organization (Ismail King, 2014). Therefore, it majorly takes into account regarding safeguarding the organizational assets in an effective way. 3. How value chain can be used for providing competitive advantage in a contemporary manufacturing organization Accounting Information Systems aims at offering value and considered as vital part of value chain (Ismail King, 2014). Adding value is a common word but it means faster, reliable as well as rendering better services or advice at the same time. It literally means limited supply as well as rendering enhancing features for customization. Value is termed as performing a series of activities known as value chain. This majorly involves primary activities as well as support activities. Information Technology majorly affects the efficiency as well as effectiveness whereby preceding activities are carried out in a similar form. Manufacturing organization value chain can be connected by creating value chain to its potential customers, distributors as well as suppliers (Rainer et al., 2013). Competitive Advantage can be either cost or differentiation that functions because of a manufacturing organization value chain. Cost of a company reflects upon the collective cost for performing all value activities in relative to its rivals (Rainer et al., 2013). Each of the value drivers are connected by determining the potential sources of cost advantage. Therefore, manufacturing organization ability in reflecting the contribution for single value activity and acting as a competitive advantage at the same time Due to this competitive advantage, companies differ in terms of products, services and offers (Demski, 2013). Competitive scope has major four types such as segment scope, industry scope as well as geographic scope and vertical scope. In order to gain competitive advantage, companys makes strategies for either lowering its cost or leading way in differentiation and premium pricing policies at the same time (Rainer et al., 2013). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that Accounting Information Systems is advantageous in any manufacturing organization. The major objective of accounting is providing information that is useful for the decision makers. In other words, accounting is regarding information identification as well as communication process and developmental activities. The above discussion successfully analysed the role of Accounting Information Systems in the value chain of a contemporary manufacturing organization. This accounting system assists widely in decision-making activities in contemporary manufacturing organization. Therefore, use of value chain helps manufacturing organization in gaining competitive advantage in an effective way. Reference List Bajdor, P., Grabara, I. (2014). The Role of Information System Flows in Fulfilling Customers Individual Orders.Journal of Studies in Social Sciences,7(2). Collier, P. M. (2015).Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Demski, J. (2013).Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media. Fullerton, R. R., Kennedy, F. A., Widener, S. K. (2013). Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), 50-71. Hall, J. A. (2012).Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Ismail, N. A., King, M. (2014). Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), 1-20. Rainer, R. K., Cegielski, C. G., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I., Sanchez-Rodriguez, C. (2013).Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business. John Wiley Sons.

Teenage Wasteland By Anne Tyler Essay Example For Students

Teenage Wasteland By Anne Tyler Essay Building Blocks of a FamilyThe short story Teenage Wasteland by Anne Tyler is a revealing story about the trials of a mother and her son. Donny is what is known as a problem child, and Daisy cannot to seem to figure out what his problem is. Through many attempts she tries to reach to him through counselors, and outside help. This story reveals a lack of communication, feelings of inadequacy, and lack of parental control. Daisy reminisces on what Donny used to look like. He used to have blond hair -almost white- cut shorter than the other childrens so that on his crown a little cowlick always stood up to catch the light (Schwiebert 286). Times changed, and so did Donny. As he grew older, his hair grew darker, and he wore it longer past his collar even (Schwiebert 286). Danny is having some problems at school. It seems that he does not concentrate, or put forth the right amount of effort. Daisy learns from Donnys principal that Donny was noisy, lazy, and disruptive (Schwiebert 287). Daisy explains to the principal that her and her husband, Matt, have tried what they can. We dont let him watch TV on school nights. We dont let him talk on the phone till hes finished his Cox-2homework. But he tells us that he doesnt have any homework or he did it all in study hall. How are we to know what to believe? (Schwiebert 287) The principal gives Daisy the idea to check his assignments everyday. This wears down on Daisy and she becomes less involved in her daughters life, and short towards her husband. By the time her husband, Matt, came home, shed be snappish. She would recite the days hardships Matt would look surprised and confused, and Daisy would gradually wind down. There was no way, really, to convey how exhausting all this was. (Schwiebert 287) The lines of communication were broken. People were frustrated, and couldnt express themselves the way they should have. Especially Donny. In December, the school called again. This time they wanted Matt to come as well. (Schwiebert 287) Donny had run into more trouble. He had cut classes on at least three occasions. Smoked in the furnace room. Helped Sonny Barnett break into a freshmans locker. And last week, during athletics, he and three friends had been seen off school grounds; when they returned, the coach had smelled beer on their breath. (Schwiebert 287) Had anything that Daisy was doing getting through to him? Was it her fault? Had she really done all that she could have? She longed she ached for a time machine. Given one more chance, shed do it perfectly (Schwiebert 288) Daisy felt useless. She carried all the blame, and thought that she was the reason for Donnys downfall. Maybe if she had done things differently, it wouldnt be this way. It was arranged that Donny would visit a psychologist for testing. Daisy felt beaten. We will write a custom essay on Teenage Wasteland By Anne Tyler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Cox-3The psychologist said Donny had no serious emotional problems. He was merely going through a difficult period in his life. He required some academic help and a better sense of self-worth. The psychologist recommended Calvin Beadle, a tutor with considerable psychological training. (Schwiebert 288) Cals presence is welcomed at first. Just look at Donnys face when they picked him up: alight and full of interest. (Schwiebert 289) Slowly he begins maneuvering into the aspects of Donnys life. The tutor had set down so many rules! They were not allowed any questions at all about any aspect of school, nor were they to speak with his teachers. (Schwiebert 290) Cal was eliminating them from Donnys life. Daisy did not notice this until she received a concerned phone call from one of Donnys teachers. The teacher explained that Donnys grades were not getting any better since the tutor, and that hey were better when she was involved with his homework. When Daisy explains to her that that the tutor handles these things now, the teacher replies, I always deal directly with that parents. You are the parent, Miss Evans said slowly and distinctly. (Scwiebert 290) As Donny spends more time with Cal, the problems seem to increase. Then one day Daisy receives a call that Donny has been expelled from school due to some contents that were found in his locker. Instead of heading home, Donny finds his way to Cals. Daisy has now lost control of her son. Donny no longer takes her seriously, or sees her as a parental figure. Eventually, Daisy and Matt remove Donny from Cals tutoring, and send him to a public school. This breaks off any control that they might have had left. .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .postImageUrl , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:hover , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:visited , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:active { border:0!important; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:active , .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9 .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e90966d008ea46f42430e871ea734f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 4)The Application of Science to Engineering EssayCox-4After everything, Donny runs away. The first week in June, during final exams, Donny vanished. The cops told Daisy that if Donny wanted to come that he would. Evidently, Donny didnt want to. (Schwiebert 292) Which one of the building blocks feel through? Which one was not there to keep Donny there? At night, daisy lies awake and goes over Donnys life. She is trying to figure out what went wrong, where they made their first mistake.(Schwiebert 294)English Essays

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Common Name

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Common Name Animals (Metazoa) are a group of living organisms that includes more than one million identified species and many millions more that have yet to be named. Scientists estimate that the number of all animal species- those that have been named and those that have yet to be discovered- is between 3 and 30 million species. The following is an A to Z list of animal profiles available at this site, sorted alphabetically by common name: A Aardvark - Orycteropus afer - An arched-backed mammal with long ears. Adà ©lie penguin - Pygoscelis adeliae - A penguin that gathers in huge colonies. African elephant - Loxodonta africana - The largest living land animal. American beaver - Castor canadensis - One of two living species of beavers. American bison - Bison bison - The majestic herbivore of the Great Plains. American black bear - Ursus americanus -  One of three North American bears. American moose - Alces americanus -  The largest member of the deer family. Amphibians - Amphibia - The first land vertebrates. Amur leopard - Panthera pardus orientalis - One of the worlds most endangered cats. Animals - Metazoa - The high-level group to which all animals belong. Arctic wolf - Canis lupus arctos - A white-coated subspecies of the grey wolf. Arthropods - Arthropoda - A highly diverse group of invertebrates. Asian elephant - Elephas maximus - The elephants of  India and Southeast Asia. Atlantic puffin - Fratercula arctica - A small seabird of the North Atlantic. Atlantic white-sided dolphin - Lagenorhynchus acutus - A most colorful dolphin. Aye-aye - Daubentonia madagascariensis - An odd-looking prosimian of Madagascar. B Badger, European - Meles meles - The mustelids of  the British Isles, Europe, and Scandinavia. Baleen Whales - Mysticeti - Bar-headed goose - Anser indicus - Barn owls - Tytonidae - Bats - Chiroptera - Beaver, American - Castor canadensis - Birds - Aves - Birds of prey - Falconiformes - Bison, American - Bison bison - Black rhinoceros - Diceros bicornis - Black-footed ferret - Mustela nigripes - Blue-footed booby - Sula nebouxii - Blue whale - Balaenoptera musculus - Bobcat - Lynx rufus - Bornean orangutan - Pongo pygmaeus - Bottlenose dolphin - Tursiops truncatus - Brown bear - Ursus arctos - Burchells zebra - Equus burchellii - C Caecilians - Gymnophiona - California sea hare - Aplysia californica - Canada goose - Branta canadensis - Canids - Canidae - Caracal - Caracal caracal - Caribou - Rangifer tarandus - Carnivores - Carnivora - Cartilaginous fishes - Chondrichthyes - Cats - Felidae - Cetaceans - Cetacea - Cheetah - Acinonyx jubatus - Chordates - Chordata - Cichlids - Cichlidae - Cnidaria - Cnidaria - Common dolphin - Delphinus delphis - Common seal - Phoca vitulina - Crocodilians - Crocodilia - D Dugong - Dugong dugong - Dusky dolphin - Lagenorhynchus obscurus - E Echinoderms - Echinodermata - Eland antelope - Tragelaphus oryx - Elephants - Proboscidea - Eurasian lynx - Lynx lynx - European badger - Meles meles - European common toad - Bufo bufo - European robin - Erithacus rubecula - Even-toed ungulates - Artiodactyla - F Firefish - Pterois volitans - Frigatebirds - Fregatidae - Frogs and toads - Anura - G Galapagos land iguana - Conolophus subcristatus - Galapagos tortoise - Geochelone nigra - Gastropods, slugs, and snails - Gastropoda - Gavial - Gavialis gangeticus - Giant anteater - Myrmecophaga tridactyla - Giant panda - Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Giraffe - Giraffa camelopardalis - Golden-crowned sifaka - Propithecus tattersalli - Gorilla - Gorilla gorilla - Gray whale - Eschrichtius robustus - Great white shark - Carcharodon carcharias - Greater flamingo - Phoenicopterus ruber - Green poison dart frog - Dendrobates auratus - Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas - H Hammerhead sharks - Sphyrnidae - Hares, rabbits, and pikas - Lagomorpha - Hawksbill sea turtle - Eretmochelys imbricata - Herons, storks, ibises, and spoonbills - Ciconiiformes - Hippopotamus - Hippopotamus amphibus - Hummingbirds - Trochilidae - Hyenas - Hyaenidae - I Insects - Insecta - Irrawaddy dolphin - Orcaella brevirostris - Ivory-billed woodpecker - Campephilus principalis - J Jellyfish - Scyphozoa - K Koala - Phascolarctos cinereus - Komodo Dragon - Varanus komodoensis - L Lava lizard - Microlophus albemarlensis - Leatherback sea turtle - Dermochelys coriacea - Lemurs, monkeys, and apes - Primates - Leopard - Panthera pardus - Lion - Panthera leo - Lionfish - Pterois volitans - Lizards, amphisbaenians, and snakes - Squamata - Lobe-finned fishes - Sarcopterygii - Loggerhead turtle - Caretta caretta - M Mammals - Mammalia - Manatees - Trichechus - Marine iguana - Amblyrhynchus cristatus - Marsupials - Marsupialia - Meerkat - Suricata suricatta - Mollusks - Mollusca - Monarch butterfly - Danaus plexippus - Moose, American - Alces americanus - Mountain lion - Puma concolor - Mustelids - Mustelidae - N Neandertal - Homo neanderthalensis - Nene goose - Branta sandvicensis - Newts and Salamanders - Caudata - Nine-banded armadillo - Dasypus novemcinctus - Northern cardinal - Cardinalis cardinalis - Northern gannet - Morus bassanus - Northern bottlenose whale - Hyperoodon ampullatus - O Ocelot - Leopardus pardalis - Odd-toed ungulates - Perissodactyla - Orca - Orcinus orca - Ostrich - Struthio camelus - Owls - Strigiformes - P Panda - Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panther - Panthera onca - Pelicans and relatives - Pelicaniformes - Penguins - Sphenisciformes - Pigeon guillemot - Cepphus columba - Pigs - Suidae - Polar bear - Ursus maritimus - Primates - Primates - Pronghorn - Antilocapra americana - Przewalskis wild horse - Equus caballus przewalskii - R Rabbits, hares, and pikas - Lagomorpha - Ray-finned fishes - Actinopterygii - Red-eyed tree frog - Agalychnis callidryas - Red fox - Vulpes vulpes - Reindeer - Rangifer tarandus - Reptiles - Reptilia - Rhinoceros, black - Diceros bicornis - Rhinoceros, white - Ceratotherium simum - Rhinoceros iguana - Cyclura cornuta - Rodents - Rodentia - Rodriguez flying fox - Pteropus rodricensis - Roseate spoonbill - Platalea ajaja - Ruby-throated hummingbird - Archilochus colubris - S Scarlet ibis - Eudocimus ruber - Sharks, skates and rays - Elasmobranchii - Shoebill - Balaeniceps rex - Siberian tiger - Panthera tigris altaica - Skates and rays - Batoidea - Skunks and stink badgers - Mephitidae - Snails, slugs and nudibranchs - Gastropoda - Snow leopard - Panthera uncia - Somali wild ass - Equus asinus somalicus - Southern tamandua - Tamandua tetradactyla - Sponges - Porifera - Spectacled bear - Tremarctos ornatus - Squamates - Squamata - T Tapirs - Family Tapiridae - Tiger - Panthera tigris - Tinamous - Tinamiformes - Toothed Whales - Odontoceti - Tuataras - Sphenodontida - Tufted titmouse - Baeolophus bicolor - Turtles and tortoises - Chelonia Tytonidae - Barn owls - W Wandering albatross - Diomedea exulans - Waterfowl - Anseriformes - Whale shark - Rhincodon typus - White rhinoceros - Ceratotherium simum - X Xenarthrans - Xenarthra -

Vibrant Story in Your Narrative Essay Make Your Professor Your Reader

Vibrant Story in Your Narrative Essay Make Your Professor Your Reader Vibrant Story in Your Narrative Essay: Make Your Professor Your Reader This form of essays involves narrations of events and stories and the detailed description of how they unfold. These pieces of writing are used at various stages in school life and the art world. Typically, most assignments include telling stories of an individual’s life and its connection with class themes. These forms of essays are usually engaging and fun, as writers select interesting topics, have rough drafts on them before writing and revise their work after writing. So, here are the tips on how to make your narrative writing interesting and challenging: Go for stories that illustrate themes There are two components of narrative essays: the story itself and its analysis. These essays usually mean to communicate something that may be an issue, concept, event or a certain theme, hence you must use personal chronology to show an idea. Most narrative essays are not referenced or researched but are developed from the personal point of view. The personal artistic is what stands out as evidence to show certain points the author is trying to make. These essays are used to test a person’s creativity in storytelling skills as well as the ability to link current issues to topics in discussion. Always ensure your story stays in line with the prompts Narratives are mostly written in school as assignments or just for artistic purpose driven by certain prompts that might be from the teacher or appropriate parties. However, to make your story captivating you should follow the set guidelines and requirements so as to produce a true masterpiece essay. There are numerous topics that one can write about but the most common ones include: The transformation of a person’s character or personality The lack of privileges and discrimination experiences you’ve had The failure you’ve experienced and the consequences How you overcame some adverse experiences Choose the story with a convenient plot Interesting narratives tells stories in an illuminated and vibrant manner. The story should be brief and concise. Always hit your points head on. One should try to minimize characters complication as much as possible by setting the story and the plot. Long and broad narrations are normally boring. â€Å"My final year in high school† is a topic that is too wide and would have to involve a lot of concepts as opposed to simple but more detailed narrations. Reduce the number of characters as much as possible (but within the bound of reason). Only essential ones are to be incorporated. Make sure your story has vibrant details Best narratives are usually specific in details, portraying specific images and not general. Stories of this kind capture readers to sit through your story till the very end. Consider the following issues when deciding over good essays: Use your imagination (but again, within the bound of reason). Always try and stay true to your story as most narrations are not fictions. So, now you understand what you should focus on to make your narrative paper interesting for your professor. The key is in the detail and topic that should be not too wide but worth of telling about. This way, you’ll be able to show all your narrative skills and make your essay great. At our custom writing service you can buy narrative essays online which will be written by highly qualified academic experts.

DXNs Marketing Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DXNs Marketing Plan - Case Study Example This business includes dietary food supplements, beverages, personal care products, household products and water treatment system. These products are popularly known as DXN products. "Dato Dr. Lim started the business in quest of the benefits of mushroom on human health" (Corporate Information, 2009). DXN products are based on the Chinese mushroom called ganoderma which is considered the food of the immortals in Daoism. Ganoderma has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of such diseases and disorders as cancer and arthritis, and its bio medicinal value is now being established through a wealth of published literature. DXN uses Multi Level Marketing (MLM) or is commonly known as Network Marketing (DXN marketing, http://www.dxnmalaysia.com/) in promoting and advertising their products. Through network marketing, the rapid global expansion of DXN is recognized internationally by its vast growth of members worldwide and its amplification of footprint in key strategic locations. With over four million registered distributors worldwide, DXN is solidifying its position as the world leader in Ganoderma products (Corporate Information, 2009). DXNs high regard for quality earned the company many outstanding citations and recognitions from various health and business organizations. Since its inception in 1993, "DXN has upheld its concept of One Dragon, One World One Market and One Mind. With this powerful concept, DXN has sailed through continuous growth over the years" (Castillo 2009). DXN logo symbolizes success in business with a very strong marketing plan. Red represents fire to symbolize the company's fighting spirit to progress. Green represents trees to symbolize the dynamic growth and expansion of its market. Blue represents water to symbolize the company as the foundation for all the vigorous developments. The Red Oval symbolizes the rising sun to represent aggressiveness, single-mindedness and persistence in achieving DXNs vision. The Green Branches symbolizes Ganoderma to represent the company's strong commitments for growth and relentless striving to achieve excellence by focusing on health-based industry. The Blue Horizontal Line symbolizes the company as the power source for the impetus of business development (devinder 2007). The growth and life span of any company lies in the strength of its products. DXN products are superior health food products catering to the ever-increasing demands of this health-conscious world. The efficacy of these products alone is proven through many testimonies received from our 2.5 million consumers based worldwide. These products have benefited and helped many people. And on top of enjoying a healthy life because of DXN products, members are assured of lucrative bonuses. The assurance of an excellent product with growing awareness and steady demands, together with a committed company mission holds many promises for an investment that you can be proud of. Target Audiences (Distributors, Consumers) In every business big or small, we have our goal to achieve. Audiences play an important role in achieving this goal because "they are the important stakeholder" (Identify The Target Audience, 2009, par.1). Therefore we must clearly define our targeted

Play and pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Play and pedagogy - Essay Example It is this ability to play such games that such children are able to become great men and women in future. Some of the games for instance prepare great mathematicians in future. They assist such children to develop mentally in terms of the ability to perform some simple arithmetic. Apart from the metal development, games have also played a major role for the social, physical and emotional development in children. In the former category for instance, the children are able to interact with each other developing communication skills. Children who at first may appear shy are able to show confidence after they have interacted in most of these games. In addition to that, games have been imperative in ensuring that children display their different talents and gifts. It is difficult to know the talents that children have unless they are engaged in this kind of activities. To understand the role of play in children, I visited a certain kindergarten and made observation of how the children wer e responding. The following is a record of the observation that I made. The class setting Recently I visited a certain kindergarten with a view of establishing the role of play and pedagogy in children’s development. The kindergarten had one main teacher and three assistants. They had to work together for the purpose of ensuring that each child received maximum attention. The classroom setting provided an environment that fostered mental development of the children. The walls were full of the pictures that the children had drawn in including the alphabets. Each of the letters also had words and pictures drawn against them. This was for the purpose of enabling the children learn easily. For instance, a letter ‘G’ would have a picture of a guitar or a girl. This form of learning enabled the children understand better. The setting of the classroom was also in a way that it could make it easy for children to play. For instance, there was a huge empty area, which was left for the purpose of play. In the cupboard that was used to store all the toys and other materials used by the children for playing. In addition to that, there was tables and chairs that were arranged in a carefully manner to ensure that children were safe. This is in accordance with rules and regulations that demand that safety has to be ensured for such children. It is imperative that they are protected against any physical harm, by creating a harmless environment. The children The class composed of children from different social, economic and cultural backgrounds. The teachers made sure that the needs of each child were met. In addition to that, there were children with physical challenges who also benefited from the class setting that facilitated their learning and movement. The class therefore made it possible for inclusion to take place. The age of the children ranged between 3-5 years. They interacted well and each of them seemed to enjoy what was going on. The morning ses sion activities According to the teacher, all mornings began by ensuring that children sung. However, the types of songs and stories told depended on the themes that the teacher wanted to pass to the children. In this particular class, I was keenly following the response of two main children; in a view to find out how play enabled them develop mentally and emotionally. The two children were Natalie and John. They were both three years old and very jovial. When the teacher entered the classroom, it was mandatory for all the

Greek and Norse Mythology. Essay Example for Free

Greek and Norse Mythology. Essay Greek mythology and Roman mythology are almost identical. This is an accepted fact, as it is widely known that the Romans stole the Greek myths. However, it is very interesting to note that the mythology of the Vikings (Norse) has many similarities with the Greek myths. These myths are, by no means, identical to the Greek ones (like the Roman ones are), but there are very distinct commonalities between the two. I see two possible reasons for this besides pure coincidence. The first has to do with the fact that Norse myths were codified during the Viking era: 780 1070. This gives the Norsemen many centuries to become exposed to the Greek (or Roman) myths. The Vikings did travel as far east as the Caspian sea, which is further east than both Italy and Greece. The Norse myths were fashioned after the fall of the Roman empire. During the expansion of the Roman empire, the Romans were able to get all the way to Britain, which is farther west than the Scandinavian countries where these myths originated. The Vikings made many expeditions into Britain. So it is a very realistic thought that the Vikings could have been exposed to the stories of the Greek and Roman gods. It is also possible that the Vikings could have extrapolated parts of the Roman stories into their own. The only two existing primary sources of Norse mythology are the Prose (Elder) Edda, and the Poetic (Younger) Edda. These were written about one thousand to eight hundred years ago respectively. The second factor has to do with mythology as an extension of the society that fashions it. I see mythology as an attempt by a people to explain the powerful forces which affect and shape it, that are beyond its control, such as weather, the elements, and nature. I also see gods as being characters that have many similarities with the people within the society. The gods and goddesses are powerful beings capable of super-human powers, but nevertheless are characters fraught with very human frailties and flaws. In this way they created gods that had similarities with the common man in the society. This made the gods more tangible and easier to identify with. I think that this was necessary because they were not yet at the societal maturity level to have a single god on a cosmic plane. Most of the comparisons will be examining the similarities between major Greek and Norse gods, as well as creatures, stories and specific symbols which are featured in the mythologies.

Aristotle :: essays research papers

Women in philosophy have always been seen as inferior to men. People had constructed this image of women as being less perfect and through this image, many philosophy were developed. Aristotle provided the first scientific explanation of women’s imperfection. He claimed that women were biologically inferior to men. Aristotle claimed that this was a factual statement, but he though it deserved â€Å"a rational scientific justification for this belief,†(Tuana,p.18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle believed that heat was the fundamental issue in the perfection of animals and therefore humans. The more heat a creature produced the more perfect of a being it was. He believed that women were â€Å"colder than man,†(p.18) so obviously they were less perfect than him as well. This heat difference is what gave women all of her problems. The less heat of women, therefore lead Aristotle to believe that she had a smaller brain. This lead to her many problems dealing with inferiority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle came up with proof for this theory based on his studies of semen and menstrual fluid. Aristotle believed that semen was conceived through blood but because of the heat of man, the semen turned white while being ejaculated. Using this as a basis, he tried to compare semen to menstrual flows, claiming they were the same because the onset of both occurred around the same time in males and females. Aristotle believed that women were colder because she was â€Å"unable to ‘cook’ her semen to the point of purity – ‘proof’ of her relative coldness,(p.19).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle believed that women were not fully human due to their lack of heat. He believed this because he though that in conception, women did not have the ability to conduct heat and become the perfect form, male. Aristotle also claimed that nature always strives to create the perfect being, male, and in not doing so, creating female, it made an imperfection. He therefore thought that â€Å"woman was the misbegotten man,†(p.19).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle’s arguments, however logical they sounded to him, were flawed. Aristotle thought that women gave birth to females either earlier in life or later. He though this happened because the heat in earlier and later times in life was deficient. This claim though could never have been proven. There has never been a â€Å"correlation between the age of a pregnant woman and the sex of her offspring,†(p.20). Another flaw in Aristotle’s logic was his belief that men were born more imperfect than females.

Portuguese missionaries Essay

The success of the Portuguese missionaries in sixteenth century Japan was due to the relationship between actors in the Asian theater and that milieu itself. Economic and political pressures, not religious fervor, were the important determining factors. Among the said factors were the production of silver in Japan, the potential market for it in China, the prohibition against trade engendered by the activities of the Japanese pirates, the arrival of the Portuguese traders with the accompanying missionaries, the receptivity of the then-emperor to Portuguese proselytizing, and the policy of funneling a portion of trade revenue to the Jesuits for recruitment purposes. Tangentially we may take into consideration the character of the faith itself. However, the Jesuits presented the same faith as in other countries during the Crusades with much less of an effect. Therefore we must conclude that it was the economic and political power the Portuguese wielded that enabled the Jesuits to attract more followers to their belief system in Japan during the Crusades than in other countries to which they directed their efforts. Influence at this time, as always, was an admixture of the religious, the military, the economic, the political, and the social. We must first understand the milieu of sixteenth-century Asia. The Portuguese reached the shores of Japan in 1543 aboard a Chinese junk. They set up shop and shortly thereafter, more traders began to arrive along with Jesuit missionaries. The emperor at the time was open to their activities, as were the Kamakura who shared power at the time. This was the â€Å"Sengoku† period, a time of warring states in which the shoguns lost some power which was then assumed by the merchant classes then in ascendency. The plebian classes were eager to capitalize on this development in order to rise in Japanese society. The Jesuits were involved in more than religious activity. In 1549 the priest Francis Xavier arrived in Japan. â€Å"This marked the start of a vigorous effort by Jesuit missionaries to bring Christianity to Japan. (Hall, 1) As stated, there was substantial trade between Japan and China commanded by a Portuguese captain-major who possessed military, economic, and administrative powers in the name of the king of Portugal. As a result of this influence, the Jesuits gained control of both Nagasaki, trade headquarters, and the area of Mogi in 1580. â€Å"The Society of Jesus then held all rights pertaining to possession of land, administration, and judicial matters there and also received the anchorage fees levied on Portuguese ships. † (Hall, 62) They used the proceeds from this windfall to fund their missionary work. It must be noted, however, that the Jesuit dominion of Nagasaki and Mogi lasted only until 1588 when the emperor Hideyoshi confiscated the Church’s domain. Another point of influence was military. â€Å"The Portuguese traders’ contribution of a new, modern instrument of mayhem to Japan’s well-stocked but still medieval and, by European standards, obsolescent arsenal was one of those was one of those remarkable accidents of history that have a revolutionary effect. † (Hall, 302) The Portuguese, with whom the Jesuits were allied, thus contributed the technology which enabled Japanese military reunification. The missionaries were able to use not only the economic influence the Portuguese conferred upon them but technological influence as well. The Portuguese were of great practical benefit to the Japanese and enabled the Jesuits to use the goodwill the contribution generated to gain an audience for Christianity. This development was yet one more point of intersection between the religious and the secular. One association which enabled the Missionaries to pursue their work was that with the wako, the pirates and illicit traders. Not only did the wako transport the Portuguese and especially Francis Xavier to Japan but their depredations aroused the indignation of the Japanese emperor and caused them to be banned from Japanese shores. † The Portuguese found that what the Japanese really wanted from abroad were Chinese silk fabrics; as a result of Chinese reactions to (the wako), Japanese were not permitted to go to China themselves to buy them. † (Mason and Caiger, 154) The Chinese were highly interested in the silver of which Japan had a seemingly inexhaustible supply. The trade which then resulted was extremely profitable. The issues of Christianity and foreign trade were not central concerns of Japan but they were relevant to the success of the Jesuits in sixteenth-century Japan. The aid which the wako provided was not unalloyed. Francis Xavier used one of them, Yajiro, who badly led him astray. This native informant may indeed have ‘learned in eight months to read and write, and speak Portuguese’ and even have been ‘very well indoctrinated in the in the faith of Jesus Christ Our Lord,’ as Xavier maintained. Hall, 307) â€Å"For all that, he thoroughly misinformed his mentor. Yajiro’s outline of the essentials of Japanese religion was the sometime wako’s biggest disservice to the sometime saint. † (Hall, 308) This outline included the assertion that there is only one God which the Christian neophyte proceeded to amplify with theological analogues. He also proclaimed mistakenly that the Dainichi, the central Buddha of the Shingon sect, was similar to the Judeo-Christian God. â€Å"†¦the results of his altogether facile explanations are clear: Xavier began his mission in Japan by preaching Dainichi. Despite this setback, after the clarification of the issues, the missionaries eschewed anything resembling syncretism and preached Deus with marked success. An example of the mistake that was Yajiro’s enlistment was his assistance with religious texts. Yajiro had put a summary of Christian doctrine into Japanese and Xavier had painstakingly written it out in roman letters, yet the translation was such a failure that it elicited jeers and laughter from the men of letters who comprised its audience. For all that, Xavier and his helpmates were able to convert more than one hundred people, who were drawn to the foreign priest by the force of his personality if not the power of his message. † (Hall, 309) The exact nature of the new converts’ religion was indeterminate. The Christians in Japan endured a degree of persecution. The authorities, namely the emperors and the Buddhists, found the proselytizing disturbing and tolerated it for a time only for the sake of trade. Emperor Ieyasu â€Å"wanted to continue trading, but he was troubled by occasional political complications and wished to discourage Iberian missionary activity. In the end he settled for sporadic, half-hearted measures of repression. † (Totman, 222) The arrival of the Dutch and the English merchants, with their connections to Southeast Asia, weakened the position of the Portuguese and without the leverage trade provided, they found their existence in Japan to be tenuous. In the autumn of 1613, the Emperor Ieyasu resolved to end the Portuguese and Jesuit presence n Japan due to a sedition plot among Ieyasu’s key vassals. Rumors â€Å"linked the suspects to a recent and very messy scandal involving some Christian converts and members of his own household†¦. † (Totman, 222) This emperor, like Hideyoshi, wanted to limit his dealings to the Dutch and the English. To do so he outlawed Christianity, ordered missionaries expelled, and churches destroyed on the grounds that the Iberians had come to Japan not only to trade, â€Å"but also hoping to spread their evil doctrine without permission, to confound true religion, change the political order of the realm, and make it their own. (Totman, 140) However Ieyasu found himself distracted with other matters and unable to resolve the issue, allowing the Portuguese traders and missionaries to continue their work. The reprieve gradually came to an end however with the ascent of the emperor Hidetada, reputedly vicious, who tried to enforce his father’s policy. The result was that by 1630, most missionaries had left Japan in the face of the worst pogrom in Japanese history. Most churches were demolished, many converts were forced to recant, perhaps four to five thousand were executed and made martyrs. A minor tragedy by modern standards, but a horrific chapter nonetheless. The last stand of the Christians in Japan occurred in 1637. Crop failure, famine, and local political abuse brought on a major rebellion among the inhabitants of the Shimabara Peninsula in Kyushu. â€Å"25,000 commoners and ronin insurgents employed Christian religious banners and rhetoric to sustain themselves†¦and for a time they badly embarrassed the ineffectual government forces sent to crush them. (Totman, 223) In the end, however, they did not emerge victorious and the emperor Iemitsu severed all remaining Iberian connections, ordering all surviving Christian communities suppressed. Xavier needed both political and social acumen in order to make progress in his mission to Japan. At first he operated on the assumption that all he would need to gain entry to that country’s universities and palaces was his missionary zeal and conviction, courage and charisma. Although, by these means he did manage to obtain a letter of introduction from an â€Å"honored person† who took pity on him, without the necessary legitimization and presents he was turned away again and again. His goals were two: to convert the â€Å"king of Japan† and to spread the word of the Gospel at Japan’s leading institutes of higher learning. Unfortunately he found that ,†The petitioner who approached the gates of exalted personages barefooted and empty-handed would be turned away; aside from one’s convictions, one had to bear with him gifts and credentials. (Hall, 313) On Xavier’s second visit he had learned enough to appear in the capacity of an envoy of the authorities of Portuguese India, armed with letters from the governor and bishop of Goa, bearing presents, and dressed splendidly. The Japanese then received him as an ambassador and, duly impressed, the emperor granted him and his missionaries permission to preach and for the people to embrace the new religion in his domains, significant because those domains at the time comprised all or parts of ten provinces. The Jesuit missionaries were more successful in their efforts to spread the Gospel in Japan than in other countries. The Portuguese traders who served as intermediaries in the trade route between Japan and China facilitated this success. Directly, the traders and even the Jesuits themselves gained control of ports, ships, and revenue that the exchange of Japanese precious metals and Chinese silk provided which the missionaries then used to fund the proselytizing of the rising Japanese merchants. This class was especially susceptible to the persuasion of the Portuguese, economically and otherwise because they had long suffered under the rule of the shoguns. The warrior class was in disarray due to infighting and their disorganization along with the arrival of the Portuguese allowed the merchants the opportunity to prosper. As soon as the influence of the Portuguese traders waned, the Jesuits found preaching the Gospel in Japan to be impossible and they were expelled. However, as a result of their association with the Portuguese, many merchants became Christians. Due to the efforts, worldly and otherwise, of Xavier and his missionaries, the Japanese learned of the Gospel. The foregoing supports the theory that it was a combination of extra-religious forces which enabled the Jesuits to have more success in converting the natives of Japan to Christianity rather than the religion itself. Once the trade dominance of the Portuguese was limited by the incursions of the Dutch and English traders, the Japanese grew steadily more unwilling to tolerate the growing influence of the Jesuits. Indeed, that the Iberians were expelled as the power of the traders waned and the influence of the priests grew clearly demonstrates that the leverage of commerce was substantial and that it was used both in swaying people indirectly and directly for the benefit of the missionaries. More- over, the political savvy of the Jesuit leader, Francis Xavier, contributed greatly to the advancement of the fortunes of Christianity in sixteenth-century Japan, short-lived though those fortunes were.

Mind Your Own Business Essay

What makes someone a successful entrepreneur? It certainly helps to have strong technology skills or expertise in a key area, but these are not defining characteristics of entrepreneurship. Instead, the key qualities are traits such as creativity, the ability to keep going in the face of hardship, and the social skills needed to build great teams. If you want to start a business, it’s essential to learn the specific skills that underpin these qualities. It’s also important to develop entrepreneurial skills if you’re in a job role where you’re expected to develop a business, or â€Å"take things forward† more generally. It’s very easy to get lost trying to rate ourselves against our peers or even rate ourselves around society when it comes to success. Its actually depressing at times and inconclusive as you often get side tracked comparing apples to oranges. In our quest for success, we often look for some sort of ranking system to gauge how well we are doing and unfortunately decide to use others as the measure. It is often an inaccurate scale as so many factors come into play, so many that it makes it unfair to compare yourself to others on any level. There are so many circumstances that dictate success it makes it impossible to find multiple people with identical circumstances to compare us to. Since we cannot compare ourselves to others, we must become our own competition and strive for perfection daily in order to move forward. We ultimately set the velocity at which we move. The results however are none that can be compared to others as every situation is as unique as the next. The real point here is why do we worry about what others are doing if we ultimately shouldn’t compare ourselves to them. The answer is jealousy and should end immediately. If you are someone that often finds yourself worrying about what others are doing, how they are doing it and where their wealth comes from, then start minding your own business and instead focus your energy on yourself and your work which is what will get you there, not finding out if your neighbor is in the Mafia or indeed a real estate guru. The best way to check if you are yourself is to ask yourself if you often form conclusions when faced with an individual who has attained a higher level of monetary success. Do you often find yourself guessing that perhaps this person was given wealth from past generations or that they are involved in negative activities that have led to financial success? One should rather focus our energy and efforts on our own growth and not criticize others whose level of success is above ours. If you find yourself in such a negative position where a friend or relative seems to feel that way, then identify them as one whose lack of effort and lack of motivation is ultimately going to be the reason they fail, and separate yourself from that energy instantly. Defining Entrepreneurship Some experts think of entrepreneurs as people who are willing to take risks that other people are not. Others define them as people who start and build successful businesses. Thinking about the first of these definitions, entrepreneurship doesn’t necessarily involve starting your own business. Many people who don’t work for themselves are recognized as entrepreneurs within their organizations. Regardless of how you define an â€Å"entrepreneur,† one thing is certain: becoming a successful entrepreneur isn’t easy. So, how does one person successfully take advantage of an opportunity, while another, equally knowledgeable person does not? Do entrepreneurs have a different genetic makeup? Or do they operate from a different vantage point, that somehow directs their decisions for them? Though many researchers have studied the subject, there are no definitive answers. What we do know is that successful entrepreneurs seem to have certain traits in common. Check for yourself if you have these traits: †¢Interpersonal skills. †¢Critical and creative thinking skills. †¢Practical skills. Optimism: Are you an optimistic thinker? Optimism is truly an asset, and it will help get you through the tough times that many entrepreneurs experience as they find a business model that works for them. Vision: Can you easily see where things can be improved? Can you quickly grasp the â€Å"big picture,† and explain this to others? And can you create a compelling vision of the future, and then inspire other people to engage with that vision? Initiative: Do you have initiative, and instinctively start problem-solving or business improvement projects? Desire for Control: Do you enjoy being in charge and making decisions? Are you motivated to lead others? Drive and Persistence: Are you self-motivated and energetic? And are you prepared to work hard, for a very long time, to realize your goals? Risk Tolerance: Are you able to take risks, and make decisions when facts are uncertain? Resilience: Are you resilient, so that you can pick yourself up when things don’t go as planned? And do you learn and grow from your mistakes and failures? Interpersonal Skills As a successful entrepreneur, you’ll have to work closely with people – this is where it is critical to be able to build great relationships with your team, customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, and more. Some people are more gifted in this area than others, but, fortunately, you can learn and improve these skills. The types of interpersonal skills you’ll need include: Leadership and Motivation: Can you lead and motivate others to follow you and deliver your vision? And are you able to delegate work to others? As a successful entrepreneur, you’ll have to depend on others to get beyond a very early stage in your business – there’s just too much to do all on your own! Communication Skills: Are you competent with all types of communication? You need to be able to communicate well to sell your vision of the future to investors, potential clients, team members, and more. Listening: Do you hear what others are telling you? Your ability to listen can make or break you as an entrepreneur. Make sure that you’re skilled at active listening and empathetic listening. Personal Relations: Are you emotionally intelligent? The higher your EI, the easier it will be for you to work with others. The good news is that you can improve your emotional intelligence! Negotiation: Are you a good negotiator? Not only do you need to negotiate keen prices, you also need to be able to resolve differences between people in a positive, mutually beneficial way. Ethics: Do you deal with people based on respect, integrity, fairness, and truthfulness? Can you lead ethically? You’ll find it hard to build a happy, committed team if you deal with people – staff, customers or suppliers – in a shabby way. Critical and Creative Thinking Skills As an entrepreneur, you also need to come up with fresh ideas, and make good decisions about opportunities and potential projects. Many people think that you’re either born creative or you’re not. However, creativity is a skill that you can develop if you invest the time and effort. Creative Thinking: Are you able to see situations from a variety of perspectives and come up with original ideas? (There are many creativity tools that will help you do this.) Problem Solving: How good are you at coming up with sound solutions to the problems you’re facing? Tools such as Cause & Effect Analysis, the 5 Whys Technique, and CATWOE are just some of the problem-solving tools that you’ll need to be familiar with. Recognizing Opportunities: Do you recognize opportunities when they present themselves? Can you spot a trend? And are you able to create a plan to take advantage of the opportunities you identify? Practical Skills You also need the practical skills and knowledge needed to produce goods or services effectively, and run a company. Goal Setting: Do you regularly set goals, create a plan to achieve them, and then carry out that plan? Planning and Organizing: Do you have the talents, skills, and abilities necessary to achieve your goals? Can you coordinate people to achieve these efficiently and effectively. And do you know how to develop a coherent, well thought-through business plan, including developing and learning from appropriate financial forecasts? Decision Making: How good are you at making decisions? Do you make them based on relevant information and by weighing the potential consequences? And are you confident in the decisions that you make? Core decision-making tools include Decision Tree Analysis, Grid Analysis, and Six Thinking Hats. You need knowledge in several areas when starting or running a business. For instance: Business knowledge: Do you have a good general knowledge of the main functional areas of a business (sales, marketing, finance, and operations), and are you able to operate or manage others in these areas with a reasonable degree of competence? Entrepreneurial knowledge: Do you understand how entrepreneurs raise capital? And do you understand the sheer amount of experimentation and hard work that may be needed to find a business model that works for you? Opportunity-specific knowledge: Do you understand the market you’re attempting to enter, and do you know what you need to do to bring your product or service to market? Venture-specific knowledge: Do you know what you need to do to make this type of business successful? And do you understand the specifics of the business that you want to start? Conclusion: As a dreamer, you need to understand its significance and mind your own business. Never lose track of your vision for your life. Do not ever get so busy making a living that you forget to live your life.

Predicting Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Predicting Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic ions are ions made up of more than one atomic element. This example problem demonstrates how to predict the molecular formulas of several compounds involving polyatomic ions. Polyatomic Ion Problem Predict the formulas of these compounds, which contain polyatomic ions:   barium hydroxideammonium phosphatepotassium sulfate Solution The formulas of compounds containing polyatomic ions are found in much the same way as formulas are found for monoatomic ions. Make sure you are familiar with the most common polyatomic ions. Here is a list of polyatomic ions to help you. Look at the locations of the elements on the Periodic Table. Atoms in the same column as each other (Group) tend to exhibit similar characteristics, including the number of electrons the elements would need to gain or lose to resemble the nearest noble gas atom. To determine common ionic compounds formed by elements, keep the following in mind: Group I ions (alkali metals) have 1 charges.Group 2 ions (alkaline earth metals) have 2 charges.Group 6 ions (nonmetals) have -2 charges.Group 7 ions (halides) have -1 charges.There is no simple way to predict the charges of the transition metals. Look on a table listing charges (valences) for possible values. For introductory and general chemistry courses, the 1, 2, and 3 charges are most often used. When you write the formula for an ionic compound, remember that the positive ion is always listed first. When there are two or more polyatomic ions in a formula, enclose the polyatomic ion in parentheses.Write down the information you have for the charges of the component ions and balance them to answer the problem.   Barium has a 2 charge and hydroxide has a -1 charge, therefore1 Ba2 ion is required to balance 2 OH- ionsAmmonium has a 1 charge and phosphate has a -3 charge, therefore3 NH4 ions are required to balance 1 PO43- ionPotassium has a 1 charge and sulfate has a -2 charge, therefore2 K ions are required to balance 1 SO42- ion Answer Ba(OH)2(NH4)3PO4K2SO4 The charges listed above for atoms within groups are the common charges, but you should be aware that the elements sometimes take on different charges. See the table of the valences of the elements for a list of the charges that the elements have been known to assume. For example, carbon commonly assumes either a 4 or -4 oxidation state, while copper usually has as 1 or 2 oxidation state.

Grace Kelly - Actress and Princess of Monaco

Grace Kelly - Actress and Princess of Monaco Grace Kelly was a beautiful, classy stage actress who became an Oscar-winning movie star. In five years she starred in 11 motion pictures and, while at the top of her popularity, she left stardom to marry Prince Rainier III of Monaco in 1956. Dates: November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982 Also Known As: Grace Patricia Kelly; Princess Grace of Monaco Growing Up On November 12, 1929, Grace Patricia Kelly was born the daughter of Margaret Katherine (nà ©e Majer) and John Brendan Kelly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kelly’s father was a successful construction company owner and former triple Olympic gold medalist in rowing.  Her mother had been the first coach of womens athletic teams at the University of Pennsylvania. Kelly’s siblings included an older sister, older brother, and a younger sister. Although the family did not come from â€Å"old money,† they were successful in business, athletics, and politics. Grace Kelly grew up in a 17-room brick mansion with plenty of recreational features for active children; plus, she spent summers in her family’s vacation home in Ocean City, Maryland. Unlike the rest of her athletic family, Kelly was introverted and always seemed to be fighting a cold. She enjoyed making up stories and reading, feeling like a misfit in the sporty household. As a child, Kelly was taught by her mother to never publicly show emotions and her father taught her to strive for perfection. After Ravenhill Academy elementary school, Kelly attended the private Stevens School for young matrons, where, to the astonishment of her parents, she excelled in the school’s drama society. Grace Kelly wanted to continue studying drama in college; thus, she applied to Bennington College in Vermont due to their outstanding drama department. With low scores in math, however, Kelly was turned down. Her father was against her second choice, which was to audition for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Kelly’s mother intervened, telling her husband to let Grace go; she was confident their daughter would be home in a week. Grace Kelly Becomes an Actress In 1947, Grace Kelly was accepted into the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She took off for New York, lived at the Barbizon Hotel for Women, and earned extra money by modeling for the John Robert Powers modeling agency. With her blonde hair, porcelain complexion, blue-green eyes, and 5’8† perfect poise, Grace Kelly became one of the highest-paid models in New York City at the time. After graduation from the Academy in 1949, Kelly appeared in two plays at the Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania, and then in her first Broadway play, The Father. Kelly received good reviews for her â€Å"essence of freshness.† She retained an agent, Edith Van Cleve, and began acting in television dramas in 1950, including the Philco Television Playhouse and the Kraft Theatre. Sol C. Siegel, a producer at Twentieth Century Fox, had seen Grace Kelly in The Father and was impressed with her performance. Siegel sent director Henry Hathaway to test Kelly for a small part in the motion picture Fourteen Hours (1951). Kelly passed the reading test and joined the Hollywood cast. Her parents, concerned about her safety, sent Kelly’s younger sister to accompany her to the West Coast. The shooting for Kelly’s part, a cool wife seeking a divorce, only took two days; after which she returned back east. Continuing to act in off-Broadway plays in Ann Arbor and Denver in 1951, Kelly received a call from Hollywood producer Stanley Kramer to play the part of a young Quaker wife in the Western film High Noon. Kelly jumped at the chance to work with the experienced leading man, Gary Cooper. High Noon (1952) went on to win four Academy Awards; however, Grace Kelly was not nominated. Kelly returned to acting on live television dramas and Broadway plays. She took more acting classes in New York with Sanford Meisner to work on her voice. In the autumn of 1952, Grace Kelly tested for the film Mogambo (1953), enticed by it being filmed in Africa and starring legendary film star Clark Gable. After the test, Kelly was offered the part and a seven-year contract at MGM. The film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Actress for Ava Gardner and Best Supporting Actress for Grace Kelly. Neither actress won, but Kelly won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. Hitchcock Uncovers Kellys Warmth By the 1950s, director Alfred Hitchcock had made a name for himself in Hollywood making suspenseful motion pictures that featured very cool blondes as his leading ladies. In June 1953, Kelly got a call to meet Hitchcock. After their meeting, Grace Kelly was cast as the female star in Hitchcock’s next motion picture, Dial M for Murder (1954). To rival television in the 50s, Warner Brothers decided the movie would be shot in 3-D, to Hitchcock’s dismay. The cumbersome camera made routine filming difficult and scenes had to be shot over and over, especially the murder scene in which Kelly’s character turns from victim to victor with a pair of scissors. Despite Hitchcock’s irritation over the 3-D frustration, Kelly enjoyed working with him. He had a way of exploiting her cool exterior while unearthing her warm passionate interior. When filming for Dial M for Murder finished, Kelly returned to New York. Soon she was offered two screenplays and had to make up her mind which movie to star in. On the Waterfront (1954) was to be filmed in New York, where Kelly could continue dating her boyfriend, the famous clothing designer Oleg Cassini. The other was another Hitchcock picture, Rear Window (1954), to be filmed in Hollywood. Feeling that she better understood the fashion model character in Rear Window, Kelly opted to go back to Hollywood and work with Hitchcock. Kelly Wins Academy Award and Meets a Prince In 1954, Grace Kelly was handed the script for The Country Girl, a role that was completely different from anything she had played before, that of the wearied wife of an alcoholic. She wanted the part badly, but MGM wanted her to star in Green Fire, a film she felt was full of clichà ©s. Kelly never found enchantment or contentment in Hollywood and wrestled with MGM with firm resolve, threatening to retire. The studio and Kelly compromised and she starred in both movies. Green Fire (1954) was a box-office failure. The Country Girl (1954) was a box-office success and Grace Kelly won the Academy Award for Best Actress. While Grace Kelly turned down multiple motion picture offers, to the studio’s displeasure, audiences revered her everywhere. One film she did not turn down was Hitchcock’s To Catch a Thief (1955), filmed on the French Riviera with Cary Grant. Kelly’s boyfriend, Oleg Cassini, followed her to France and when the film finished, she introduced him to her family. They did not hide their disdain for him. He was divorced twice and seemed to be interested in more women than just their daughter, which was true, and the romance ended several months later. In spring 1955, while at the Cannes Film Festival, Grace Kelly was asked to appear in a photo session at the Palace of Monaco with Prince Rainier III. She obliged and met the prince. They chatted lightly while photos were taken. The photos sold magazines worldwide. After being a bridesmaid in her younger sister’s wedding during the summer of 1955, Kelly wanted marriage and a family of her own all the more. Prince Rainier, who was actively seeking a wife, began corresponding with her, finding out that they had a lot in common; they were both uncomfortable celebrities, devout Catholics, and desired a family. Grace Kelly Exits Stardom and Enters Royalty Prince Rainier arrived in the States to woo his future princess during the holidays of 1955 before asking Grace Kelly for her hand in marriage. Kelly’s family was very proud and the official proclamation of the couple’s engagement was made in January 1956, which became front-page international news. To finish her contract, Kelly starred in two final movies: The Swan (1956) and High Society (1956). She then left stardom behind to become a princess. (No one was more melancholy about her leaving Hollywood than Hitchcock for he had her in mind as his leading lady for several more of his movies if not all of them.) The royal wedding of 26-year-old Miss Grace Patricia Kelly to 32-year-old His Serene Highness Prince Rainier III of Monaco was held in Monaco on April 19, 1956. Then began Kelly’s most challenging role of all, fitting into a foreign country while feeling like an unwelcome visitor. She had left the States, her family, friends, and her acting career behind to enter the unknown. She became homesick. Sensing his wife’s unease, the prince began to ask her opinions and include her in state projects, which seemed to improve Kelly’s outlook as well as Monaco’s tourism. Kelly surrendered her former acting desires, settled into life in Monaco, and revitalized the principality as a center for opera, ballet, concerts, plays, flower festivals, and cultural conferences. She also opened the palace for guided tours during the summer when she and the prince were away at their summer home, Roc-Agel in France. The Prince and Princess of Monaco had three children: Princess Caroline, born 1957; Prince Albert, born in 1958; and Princess Stà ©phanie, born in 1965. In addition to motherhood, Princess Grace, as she was known, supervised the renovation of a crumbling medical facility into a first-rate hospital and founded the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to help those with special needs. Princess Grace of Monaco became loved and cherished by the people of her adopted homeland. Death of the Princess Princess Grace began suffering from severe headaches and abnormally high blood pressure in 1982. On September 13th of that year, Grace and 17-year-old Stà ©phanie were returning to Monaco from their country home, Roc-Agel, when Grace, who was driving, blacked out for a second. When she came to, she accidentally pressed her foot on the accelerator instead of the brake, driving the car over an embankment. As the women were pulled from the wreckage, it was discovered that Stà ©phanie had sustained minor injuries (a hairline cervical fracture), but Princess Grace was unresponsive. She was placed on mechanical life support at the hospital in Monaco. Doctors concluded that she had suffered a massive stroke, which had caused irreversible brain damage. The day following the accident, Princess Grace’s family made the decision to remove her from the artificial devices that were keeping her heart and lungs going. Grace Kelly died on September 14, 1982, at the age of 52.

Writing on skin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing on skin - Essay Example One could inscribe on the desks, on our arms the names of the people we admired and loved. We wrote using ink. These traces have seemed like something unending but time and soap rubbed all those memories and changed our obsessions. Our skin at those moments became a book where we can write our desires, a perishable and fragile diary (Olivares, para1). When one does plastic surgery on their face to appear more attractive, the effort is just to rub out time and get rid of physical memory without realizing that it is a diverse stage that also will leave him/her with trace in his/her skin, devoid of eliminating everything and any incident. Just like the way we cannot stop thinking about our loved ones (Olivares, para3). Tattoos have unlike significance and meanings, marks and painting which are accessible in images tell us many stories and many other way of approaching any article. In early days, photography in its most documentary work type took upon itself to record people with tattoos. Tattoos have adopted anthropological drawings, work if indigenous people, record of journey as a documentary paintings as an element in their works (Olivares, para8). On the other hand, cinema and photography, largely, have taken them on board because they have concerned themselves much more in depth and often criminal sectors in the secretive, the yakuza, prostitution, delinquency and what is marginalized and adventure world of crime. Good examples of witting in our skins are the tattoos. Traditionally tattoos marked the social hierarchies and defined warrior categories. Rites of passage and festivals were distinguished with paintings. Today, tattoos have diversified into different formulae and they usually define those who wear them like a neon billboard on their foreheads. Tattoos have stopped being marks of the less fortunate, women fallen on difficult times, sailors and convicts (Olivares, para5). Adolescents from wealthy settings wear seductive tattoos on their hip,

Expectation Interest Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expectation Interest - Coursework Example Usually, the defendant would be awarded damages that equal to the cost of cure. For most defective goods, that equals to the diminution in their value. But for some defective goods, the diminution in value is not equal to the cost of cure (Ruxley Electronics v Forsyth (1996)). In those instances, the courts would ascertain damages that are just and fair pertaining to the merits of the case. These are called ‘loss of amenity’ damages (see Ruxley).   Where the breach is caused by non-delivery, the buyer may also sue for damages which would be calculated by the difference between the market value and the contracted value of the good (s. 51 SGA 1979). If, on the contrary, the buyer refuses to pay, the seller can claim for the loss of profits on the good (Charter v Sullivan [1957]).Reliance loss  This seeks to put the claimant into the position as if he never entered into contract (McRae v Commonwealth Disposals [1950]). Often, the reliance interest is already covered by the expectation interest.Restitution Interest   In this claim, the contract is set aside and the claimant seeks to obtain the price paid for goods that were not delivered (Whincup v Hughes [1871]). This claim may also be used to recover profits that the defendant made as a result of the breach (Attorney-General), though it is only allowed when other forms of remedies are exhausted and even then, the courts may order the defendant to award the claimant a share of the profit instead of the entire sum. The claimant is also under a duty to mitigate losses.... Thus, if both parties knew that the claimant was going to use the goods to make a profit, he is entitled to recover those lost profits (Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v. Newman Industries Ltd (1949)). Damages for pain and suffering may also be awarded where the claimant has expressly stated his concerns (such as presence of aircraft noise before buying a new property close to the airport) at the time of contract (Farley v Skinner [2001]) A claim for damages will fail if the damages are too remote. It will also fail if there is no causal link between breach and damage, and independent third party acts (London Joint Stock Bank v. Macmillan [1918]), natural events (see Monarch Steamship v Karlshamns [1949]) and claimant’s own unreasonable acts (Lambert v. Lewis [1982]) will keep the claim from succeeding. Word Count: 510 Q.2 Becka would be looking to pursue her remedies for breach of contract, as there is a possible breach of s. 14 of the SGA 1979. On the facts, she is a consumer , which brings in operation s. 15 conferring on her a right to reject the goods and be awarded damages at the same time at the discretion of the courts. The car was described in the ad as â€Å"regularly serviced, 2007 model†¦Ã¢â‚¬  along with other traits. S.14(2) of the SGA requires the car to be of satisfactory quality and s.14(3) requires it to be fit for purpose. Since Tower Hill is a business, these two are conditions. However, these conditions do not apply where the buyer has inspected the goods before purchasing or defects have been specifically brought to her attention before buying. Becka’s test drive may bar her from claiming on faults that she ought to have noticed. However, the facts are

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency Case Study

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency - Case Study Example I teach at an elementary school, J.B. Nachman, in Alexandria, Louisiana. The school starts at Pre-K and goes through to fifth grade. There are approximately 700 students in the school. Nachman is the solitary elementary school in the district that is not considered a Title One school. I teach third grade, and we are not currently departmentalized. There are 23 students in my class: eight African American students, thirteen white students and one Asian student. I have one child with an IEP, and he is with a resource teacher for a majority of the day. There are no other adults in my classroom. I have chosen a small group of students (eight children) for my project based on their most recent DIBELS scores. The children, under my watch, have scored well below benchmark and are likely to need intensive support with regard to oral reading fluency. These are children who enjoy reading and are not intimidated to read aloud, as much as they struggle with word recognition and fluency. Review of Literature Clearly, reading serves many purposes in our daily lives. We use it in our work and play. We use it to help us learn more about ourselves and about the world around us in addition to sharing information with others (Martin-Chang & Levy, 2005). The National Reading Panel Report (2000) contained conclusive research that indicated that reading fluency was an essential element of the entire reading process, and that it was crucial that it is taught to developing readers. â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). ... â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). Since the 1970s, researchers and scholars have collected data that supported the concept that multiple readings of connected text enhanced the reading skills of a regular student. Reading stories to young students, besides their personal rereading, at least three times proved to enrich reading development. This procedure of repeated readings was simple, yet extraordinarily powerful (Dowhower, 1994). Using the common round robin approach in the classroom, where students take turns reading a small portion of the story, substantially limited amount of practice each student received because no child was allowed to read for very long. In order for students to establish significant progress in reading, beyond the initial stages, they needed to be given sufficient opp ortunities to practice reading in a variety of text styles (Pikulski & Chard, 2003). Employing repeated reading on a regular basis in a variety of formats could impact word recognition, reading fluency and comprehension (Rasinski, 2003). There is much evidence to support claims that repeating reading instruction influenced fluency in a diverse array of students. The ultimate goal of repeated reading instruction was to then enable students to generalize fluency to new passages that were being read for the first time (Nanda & Frederick, 2007). According to Pikulski and Chard (2003), repeated oral reading is the most frequently documented approach to improving fluency, with improved outcomes for young students

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in Orange Juice

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in Orange Juice Abstract: This experiment was planned to study how different temperatures can affect the loss of vitamin C in orange juice stored for a fixed period of time. Equal volume of freshly squeezed orange juices with known (initial) vitamin C concentration were stored at different temperatures i.e. 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C for a constant duration of 5 days. After the storage period, the vitamin C concentration for each temperature was measured by DCPIP titration and the difference relative to the initial concentration was calculated to calculate the amount of vitamin C reduced. The result of this experiment showed that the amount of vitamin C lost increases with the increase in temperature and 10oC was the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C concentration. An analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has revealed a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables with the calculated r value exceeds the critical va lue at 5 % significant level thus, supporting the experimental hypothesis. Vitamin C is a remarkable compound derived from one of the ascorbic enantiomers, L-ascorbate. It is a water soluble vitamin that cannot be naturally synthesized in human body.1 Therefore, it is vital to have our diet balanced with adequate amount of it every day. There are two important roles played by vitamin C; antioxidant and collagen formation.2 These two features have placed vitamin C in a class of its own as a future potential in fostering better health. A previous research regarding relationship between vitamin C and human brain has shown that vitamin C could help drugs to pass the blood brain barrier.6 This would enable brain diseases such as Parkinson to be effectively treated as artificial dopamine can be delivered directly to the brain. At the same time, the biggest challenge in bone marrow treatment i.e. getting enough cells, could possibly be solved as a recent study by Dunagqing Pei13 on vitamin C, has found that it can boost the production and pluripotency of stem cells in human body. However, Vitamin C is also known to be very vulnerable towards heat. The precursor of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has molecular of C6H8O6. The proximity of highly electronegative oxygen atoms on the hydroxyl (OH) groups makes the hydrogen atoms to become easily detached from the structure. Meanwhile, the presence of heat causes the hydroxyl bond to break the ascorbic acid is said to undergo destruction or oxidation by losing hydrogen atoms, forming dehydroascorbic acid. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate of ascorbic acid destruction is significantly greater at higher temperature.* Most of the studies on vitamin C degradation are principally based on the effect of storage condition and period, and very few were done on identifying the degradation trend within a specific range of temperature. Previous research, on the effect of storage methods and conditions on vitamin C retention in human milk revealed that freezing reduces the least amount of vitamin C as compared to other storage methods, followed by refrigeration which is better than cold water. Another study at Ankara University, has shown an inverse relationship between temperature and retention rate of vitamin C in citrus fruit concentrates, while orange fruit was found to have higher retention ability than the others. Therefore, this experiment was aimed to find a specific trend regarding the effect of temperature on the loss of vitamin C. Citrus fruits (orange) were used in this experiment due to appreciable amount of vitamin C that they have, thus, increasing the reliability of the results. The results from this study can be used to illustrate how certain temperatures can cause drastic change in vitamin C hence, increasing the awareness on appreciating the effort of preserving vitamin C content in food for optimum health benefit. For instance, in agricultural tropical regions that grow citrus fruits, it becomes very vital to preserve the fruits at low temperature if possible due to higher chance of vitamin C destruction than other regions. Experimental Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the different temperature and the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. PLANNING Five types of citrus fruits were randomly chosen, namel: lemon, lime, grapefruit, Clementine and orange. The fresh juice of each fruit was obtained through cutting and squeezing. The vitamin C content for each juice was determined by titration against 1 ml of 1 % DCPIP. The titration was repeated two times to get an average volume of the juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. The result: The least volume of orange was needed to decolourise DCPIP, indicating that it has the highest vitamin C content. Therefore, orange fruit was chosen as it would give significant response towards different temperatures. Determining the best storage period: Several orange fruits were squeezed to obtain fresh orange juice that would be enough for its vitamin C content to be measured on daily basis. Firstly, the initial vitamin C content of the juice was measured and 4.8 ml was needed to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP solution. Equal volume of the remaining juice was divided into two beakers and each was stored in an incubator of different temperatures (10 °C and 60 °C). Two distinctive temperatures were chosen to allow easy comparison of the trend in each temperature. The result: The result shows no more change in volume of juice required after 5 days for 60 °C. Therefore, storage period of five days were chosen for the main experiment. MAIN EXPERIMENT Variables: Manipulated variable: Different temperatures (oC) (6 incubators were set at different temperatures of 10 °C, 20 °C 0, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C) Responding variable: Amount of vitamin C lost (By DCPIP titration, the difference between initial and final vitamin C concentration in each juice was  calculated to determine the concentration of vitamin C reduced) Fixed variables : Storage period, volume and concentration of DCPIP, type of fruits (The storage period was five days. 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP  Used for each titration) Apparatus: Beakers, knife, test tubes, syringes, Parafilm, aluminium paper, incubators, mortar and pestle, measuring cylinder. Materials: Orange fruits, 1% dichlorophenolinophenol (DCPIP) solution, distilled water, 500 mg vitamin C tablet. Real Experimental Procedures: Standardizing Vitamin C Concentration: 1) A tablet of 500 mg vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powders using a mortar and a pestle. 2) The powdery form of vitamin C was then dissolved into 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker to form 5 mg/ml of ascorbic solution. 3) 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 4) 1 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was then taken using a syringe and added drop by drop into the measured DCPIP solution until decolourised. 5) The volume of ascorbic acid solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was recorded. 6) The titration process was repeater three times to get an average volume. The result of titration is as follows: Volume of Juice Titrated / ml Hence, 2.5 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was needed to decolourise 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution To find a formula to calculate vitamin C concentration in orange juice, Conc. of orange juice (mg/ml) Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) = 5 mg/ml 2.5 ml Since the volume needed to decolourise is proportional to vitamin C concentration. So. Conc. of orange juice (ml) 2.5 ml = 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Therefore, this calculation would be used to calculate the vitamin C concentration. Determining vitamin C loss: 10 orange fruits were cut and squeezed to obtain fresh juice. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 1 ml syringe was filled with the orange juice and added drop by drop into the DCPIP solution until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded. The titration was repeated five times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the derived formula. The juice was then divided into 6 equal volumes and each placed into 100 ml beaker. The top of each beaker was sealed with Parafilm and its surface was wrapped with aluminium paper and labelled with different temperatures. The beakers were placed in six incubators of different temperatures according to the label and left for five days. After five days, the beakers were sealed off. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and transferred into a test tube by using a syringe. The orange juice stored in 10 °C was taken by a syringe and added drop by drop into the DCPIP until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded The titration was titrated three times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the formula: 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Steps 8-10 were repeated but this time using the orange juices stored in  °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. The difference between the initial concentration and the final concentration of each juice was calculated to determine the amount of vitamin C lost. Risk Assessment: The process of cutting the orange fruits required the use of knife, so it was done carefully to avoid any injury. The fruits were then squeezed very gently to minimise heat production. The juice was only prepared right before the experiment was about to be carried out. DCPIP is a strong dye which is hard to be removed so lab coat was worn. During the titration of juice against DCPIP, the test tube was not shaken vigorously to avoid oxygen from dissolving. The juice was discarded immediately after the experiment. Results: Statistical Analysis: Based on the result from the table, it is known that there is an obvious trend and correlation between the temperature and vitamin C loss. Therefore, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to measure the strength of this relationship. In this method, the value of correlation coefficient, r needs to be calculated which ranges from -1 to 1. The details of its values are as follow: Therefore, the value of correlation coefficient, r, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has shown a strong positive linear relationship between temperatures and loss of vitamin C. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected. Data Analysis: Table 4 shows the volume of the freshly-squeezed orange juice needed to decolourise 1ml of 1% DCPIP solution. The average volume was used to calculate the concentration of vitamin C present initially. Meanwhile, Table 5 shows the amount of vitamin C concentration reduced after being stored at different temperatures for five days. From the table, there is an inverse relationship between the vitamin C concentration left and the amount of vitamin C lost. There is also a huge difference in the amount of vitamin C left between the juice stored in 10 oC andt the one stored at 60 oC, which is 2.11 mg/ml. This represents 77.6% of the original concentration of vitamin C. The calculated statistical correlation coefficient, r of 0.9584 is absolutely a strong indicator to support this relationship. Graph 1 illustrates the trends and correlation between the two variables. From the graph, it can be concluded that generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of vitamin C lost. 10 oC is the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C level with only 0.12 mg/ml (4.4%) decrease after five days. Meanwhile, 60 oC caused maximum drop in concentration after five days with 2.23 mg/ml (82%) of vitamin C had lost. The largest gap in vitamin C loss occurred between 40 oC and 50 oC with 1 mg/ml (37%) of increase recorded. Based on the graph, the amount of degradation at 20 °C and 30 °C opposed the general trends when 0.6 mg/ml vitamin C had lost at 10 °C which is greater than 0.56 mg/ml at 30 °C. However, the difference is so small which suggests that this anomaly might be due to several reasons: Higher rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen in the atmosphere. False end-point titration Apart from that, the results obtained have also shown that there is only a little change in vitamin C concentration from 10 °C to 30 °C. However, drastic change in concentration started to occur after 40 °C. This suggests that orange fruits should be kept below 30 °C with better vitamin C retention at lower temperature. Evaluation: From the results of the experiment, the huge difference in vitamin C lost between 40 °C and 50 °C could be explained by the presence of enzyme ascorbate oxidase in citrus fruits. The function of this enzyme is still not fully understood, but one best suggestion is that it might involve in controlling the oxidation process of ascorbic acid.12 Just like any other enzymes, when the optimum temperature is exceeded, the bonds holding the ascorbate oxidase together start to break and it is said to be denatured. Therefore, the destruction of ascorbic acid takes place without any control. Measurement of vitamin C in this experiment was done by titrating the juice against dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). It is a strong oxidizing agent with distinctive blue colour and decolourised when being reduced by vitamin C.15 Therefore, the destruction of vitamin C by heat means that more is needed to decolourise DCPIP solution. Oxidation of DCPIP by oxygen in the atmosphere is one of the limitations of this experiment. Hence, the test tubes were not shaken vigorously during titration in order to minimise this limitation as vigorous moves can increase the rate of oxygen dissolving in a solution. The other limitation could be the side decomposition of vitamin C due to the presence of light and air. Just like temperature, ultraviolet ray from incidence light causes the hydroxyl bond in ascorbic acid to break, thus become oxidised. To reduce this limitation, the beakers containing orange juice to be stored at different temperatures were neatly wrapped with aluminium paper which is a good reflector of light and heat. The surfaced of the beakers were also sealed with Parafilm. This would prevent the entry of air and significantly reduce unnecessary oxidation of vitamin C in the juice. Several modifications can be made in the future to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results of this experiment. Iodine titration could be used as an alternative for DCPIP titration. Although this technique may require the use of more reagents, the result from the trial experiment has shown that the end point of titration is much easier to be identified. Besides, orange juice could be obtained by blending the peeled orange fruits instead of squeezing them. This ensures maximum amount of juice obtained from each fruit as well as preventing destruction of vitamin C by heat. Finally, percentage of vitamin C degraded can be used as the response variable instead of concentration. This would allow clearer illustration of the amount of vitamin C reduced for the readers and also make the comparison process easier. Conclusion: Based on the result of this experiment, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature, the greater the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The statistically calculated r value using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 0.9584, is significantly higher than the critical value at 5% significance level thus, providing a strong evidence to support the hypothesis. Sources Evaluation: Several recourses were used in providing me important information in completing this assignment. Sources 1 and 2 are books that are specially made about fruit management and also detailed information about vitamin C as well as compelling research on it. Both books were published after year 2005, so the information available is mostly up to date. Besides, I have also accessed journals available online. Sources 3 and 4 come from two well known websites for food and nutrition based journals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a trustable website with over 3100 members, publishing up to dates research related to nutrition and human. Sources 7, 8 and 9 are chemistry based websites, serving enormous information on the structures and reaction of biological compounds. Chemwiki is a virtual online based chemistry textbook, accessed by millions of people searching for chemistry knowledge. Sources 10 and 11 are websites exclusively made for vitamin C. The Vitamin C Foundation, for instance, is recognised by Internal Revenue Service, IRS in protecting vast information about vitamin C for public reference. Source 12, Scientific American magazine is a popular scientific magazine established for nearly two centuries since 1845 with more than 3.5 million readers all over the world. Therefore, there would be no doubt in reliability of the content in this magazine.